Word	Definition
Mesoamerica	a regio that includes the southern part of what is now Mexico and parts of the northern contries of Central America
maize	corn
obsidian	sharp, glasslike volcanic rock
Pacal	a king that had a temple honored after him
observatories	buildings to study astronomy
Popol Vuh	Mya legends and history were written in this book
causeways	raised roads across water or wet ground
conquistadors	Spanish soilders
Hernan Cortes	conquered Aztecs with conquistadors
Moctezuma II	Aztec Emperor who let Cortes in his empire
codex	written historical records in a book made of seperate pages
Pachacuti	led Incas to expand empire
Quechua	Incas official language
llamas	animals that are related to camels but native to South America
Atahualpa	won the battle against his bro to gain control of empire but soon lost it to Pizzaro captured it
Francisco Pizarro	captured king and captured empire
masonry	stone work

Word	Definition
excommunicate	cast out from church
Pope Gregory VII	1073 a new pope arised
Emperor Henry IV	was excommunicated from church by Pope Gregory VII
Crusades	a long series of wars between Christians and Muslims in Southwest Asia
Holy Land	Europes called Palestine this because it was the region where Jesus had lived, preached, and died
Pope Urban II	helped Byzatine Empire to defend Constantinople
King Richard I	when german king died, and french king left, this king was the only person to stay in the holy land
Saladin	leader of muslim forces and main opponent for King Richard I
clergy	church officials
religious order	group of people who dedicate their lives and follow common rules
Francis of Assisi	friar who made the order Franciscans
friars	people who belonged to religios orders but lived and worked among the general public
Thomas Aquinas	Dominican philosopher
natural law	a law that governed how the world operated
Magna Carta	document listing rights that the king could not ignore
Parliament	in time the council developed into this, the lawmaking body that govens England today
Hundred Years' War	a long conflict between England and France that came to be
Joan of Arc	teenage girl that led French into defeating England
Black Death	a deadly plague taht swept through Europe between 1347 and 1351

Word	Definition
Reformation	a reform movement of Western Christianity
indulgence	a relaxation of penalties for sins people had committed
purgatory	in catholic teachings, this was a place where souls went before they went to heaven
Martin Luther	started refomation but never wanted to leave Catholic Church
Protestants	those sho sided wiht Luther and protested against the church became known as these
John Calvin	most influential figure of the Reformation after Luther
King Henry VIII	major figure of Reformation was him
Catholic Reformation	effort made to reform the Catholic Church from within is called this
Ignatius of Loyola	this spanish noble founded the first new order
Francis Xavier	most important missionary of period was jesuit priest
Huguenots	French Protestants were called this
Edict of Nantes	granting religios freedom in most of France
Thirty Years' War	a long series of wars that involved many of the countries of Europe
congregation	church assembly
federalism	sharing of power between local governments and a strong central government
Jesuits	a religious order created to serve the pope and the chuch

Word	Definition
Eurasia	large landmass that includes both Euroupe and Asia
topography	shape and elevation of land in a region
Middle Ages	period that lasted from about 500 to about 1500
medieval	another name for the middle ages
Patrick	monk who taught people about Christianity
monks	religious men who lived apart from society in isolated communities, had no belongings
monasteries	communities of monks
Benedict	set rules for monks to follow
Charlemagne	Frank empirer reached height with him
knights	warriors who fought on horseback
vassal	knight who promissed to support a lord in exchange for land
fuedalism	historians call this system of promises that governed the relationships between lords and vassals
William the Conqueror	conquered England  and declared himself King
manor	large estate owned by a knight or lord
serfs	workers who were tied to the land on which they lived
Eleanor of Aquitaine	was one of the most powerful people in the Middle Ages
chivalry	Europeans called their code of honorable behavior for knights this
haiku	short three line poems of 17 syllables that describe nature scenes

Word	Definition
heresy	religious ideas that oppose accepted church teachings
Reconquista	efforts to retake Spain from Moors
King Ferdinand	ruled Spain
Queen Isabella	ruled Spain with husband King Ferdinand
Spanish Inquisition	an organization of priests that looked for and punished anyone in Spain suspected of secretly pracicing their old religion

Word	Definition
Marco Polo	travled with his family across teh Silk Road
interest	a fee that borrowers pay for the use of smeone else's money
Cosim de' Medici	ruler of Florence in 1434
Renaissance	means "rebirth" and refers to the period that followed Europe's Middle Ages
humanism	study of the humanities led to a new way of thinking and learning known as this
Dante Alighieri	politician and poet that contributed big time for the Renaissance
Niccolo Machiavelli	wrote a book that gave leaders advice on how they should rule
perspective	a method of showing a three-dimensional scene on a flat surface so that it looks real
Michelangelo	great artist, designed buildings, wrote poetry, carved sculptures, and painted pictures
Leonardo da Vinci	true genius fo the Renaissance, painted well-known Mona Lisa
Petrarch	wrote about the importance of knowing history
Johann Gutenberg	developed a printing press that used movable type
Christian humanism	resulting combination of humanist and religious ideas is called this
Desiderius Erasmus	dutch priest that was the most important scholar
Albrecht Durer	famous norther artist from Gerany, studied astronomy
Miguel de Cervantes	wrote a book that poked fun at romantic tales of the middle ages
William Shakespeare	greatest writer in English history for poems, plays, and books

Word	Definition
Scientific Revolution	the series of events taht led to the birth of modern science
science	is a particular way of gaining knowledge about the world
theories	explanations scientists based on these facts
Ptolemy	greek thinker and an ancient astronomer
rationalists	people who looked at the world in a rational or reasonable and logical
alcnemy	was a forerunner of chemistry
Nicolaus Copernicus	wrote a book to start the scientific revolution
Sir Isaac Newton	he marked high point, created Newton's law
Tycho Brache	observed the stars
Johannes Kepler	helped Brahe, discovered many theories
Galileo Galilei	first person to studiy sky with teloscope
barometer	scientific instrument that measures air pressure
Francis Bacon	english philosopher who read works of great scientists
Rene Descartes	believed to doubt everything until it could be proven true
scientific method	a step-by-step method for performing experiments and other scientific research
hypothesis	a solution that the scientist proposes to solve the problem